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Measurement of blood flow using Doppler-shifted ultrasound

Biomedical Engineering Department, King's College Hospital Medical School, Denmark Hill, London SE5

Ultrasonic fields can be used to measure the complex dynamic flow patterns in a wide range of intact blood vessels with calibres ranging from fractions of a millimetre to several centimetres. Many of these vessels may be examined non-invasively from outside the body. Ultrasonic flowmeters have developed from the early transit-time instruments through the continuous-wave Doppler velocimeters to the complex multigate pulsed Doppler and conposite duplex B-mode/pulsed Doppler imaging systems which are capable of measuring true volume flowrates. The natural constraints associated with the fundamental methods, the various techniques, and the signal-processing stages are all considered in relation to the quantitative measurement of blood-flow velocity and volume flow rate with particular reference to potential sources of error.

Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, Vol. 4, No. 2, 79-91 (1982)
DOI: 10.1177/014233128200400203


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