Advanced Search

Journal Navigation

Journal Home

Subscriptions

Archive

Contact Us

Table of Contents

Sign In to gain access to subscriptions and/or personal tools.
Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control
This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bur, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Maupin, P. H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?

Monitoring clay exfoliation during polymer/clay compounding using fluorescence spectroscopy

Anthony J. Bur

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA, anthony.bur{at}verizon.net

Steven C. Roth

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA

Paul R. Start

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA

Yu-Hsin Lee

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA

Paul H. Maupin

Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Office of Science, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington, DC 20585, USA

A fluorescent probe molecule, Nile blue perchlorate, was used to monitor the compounding of nylon 11 with clay filler. Prior to compounding, Nile blue was incorporated into the gallery region between silicate layers of the clay by an ion-exchange process. While residing in the gallery, fluorescence from Nile blue was quenched because of fluorescence resorption in a high dye concentration environment. However, when clay is compounded with the nylon, clay exfoliation allowed the dye to escape the gallery region and to become dispersed in the resin matrix. During batch mixing, we observed that fluorescence increased with time indicating that dye molecules were migrating from the gallery. Experiments carried out using a twin-screw extruder to compound resin and clay showed that twin-screw compounding was much more efficient in producing clay exfoliation than was the batch mixer.

Key Words: exfoliation • fluorescence spectroscopy • nanoclay composites • nylon • polymer processing • process monitoring

References

  • Acierno, D., Scarfato, P., Amendola, E., Nocerino, G. and Costa, G. 2004: Preparation and characterization of PBT nanocomposites compounded with different montmorillonites. Polymer Engineering and Science 44, 1012—18.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Baumann, R., Ferrante, C., Deeg, F.W. and Brauchle, C. 2001: Solvation dynamics of Nile blue in ethanol confined in porous sol-gel glasses. Journal of Chemical Physics 114, 5781—91.
  • Bourbigot, S., Gilman, J.W. and Wilkie, C.A. 2004: Kinetic analysis of the thermal degradation of polystyrene-montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polymer Degradation and Stability 84, 483—92.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Bujdak, J., Iyi, N. and Fujita, T. 2002: The aggregation of methylene blue in montmorillonite dispersions. Clay Minerals 37, 121—33.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
  • Bur, A.J. and Roth, S.C. 2004: Fluorescence temperature measurements. Polymer Engineering and Science 44, 898—908.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Bur, A.J., Roth, S.C., Lee, Y.H. and McBrearty, M. 2004a: A dielectric slit die for in-line monitoring of polymer compounding. Review of Scientific Instruments 75, 1103—109.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Bur, A.J., Roth, S.C., Lee, Y.H., Noda, N. and McBrearty, M. 2004b: In-line monitoring of dielectric and fluorescence spectroscopy during polymer/filter compounding. Plastics Rubber and Composites 33, 5—10.
  • Bur, A.J., Lee, Y.-H., Roth, S.C. and Start, P.R. 2005: Measuring the extent of exfoliation in polymer/clay nanocomposites using real-time process monitoring methods. Polymer 46, 10908—18.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Daniel, I.M., Miyagawa, H., Gdoutos, E.E. and Luo, J.J. 2003: Processing and characterization of epoxy/clay nanocomposites. Experimental Mechanics 43, 348—54.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Davis, R.D., Bur, A.J., McBrearty, M., Lee, Y.H., Gilman, J.W. and Start, P.R. 2004: Dielectric spectroscopy during extrusion processing of polymer nanocomposites: a high throughput processing/characterization method to measure layered silicate content and exfoliation. Polymer 45, 6487—93.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Dennis, H.R., Hunter, D.L., Chang, D., Kim, S., White, J.L., Cho, J.W. and Paul, D.R. 2001: Effect of melt processing conditions on the extent of exfoliation in organoclay-based nanocomposites. Polymer 42, 9513—22.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Fong, H., Liu, W.D., Wang, C.S. and Vaia, R.A. 2002: Generation of electrospun fibers of nylon 6 and nylon 6-montmorillonite nanocomposite. Polymer 43, 775—80.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Fornes, T.D., Yoon, P.J., Hunter, D.L., Keskkula, H. and Paul, D.R. 2002: Effect of organoclay structure on nylon 6 nanocomposite morphology and properties. Polymer 43, 5915—33.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Giannelis, E.P. 1998: Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: Synthesis, properties and applications. Applied Organometallic Chemistry 12, 675—80.
  • Gilman, J.W., Awad, W.H., Davis, R.D., Shields, J., Harris, R.H., Davis, C., Morgan, A.B., Sutto, T.E., Callahan, J., Trulove, P.C. and Delong, H.C. 2002: Polymer/layered silicate nanocomposites from thermally stable trialkylimidazolium-treated montmorillonite. Chemistry of Materials 14, 3776—85.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Gloaguen, J.M. and Lefebvre, J.M. 2000: Plastic deformation behaviour of thermoplastic/clay nanocomposites. Polymer 42, 5841—47.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Krishnamoorti, R. and Giannelis, E.P. 1997: Rheology of end-tethered polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecules 30, 4097—102.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Krishnamoorti, R., Vaia, R.A. and Giannelis, E.P. 1996: Structure and dynamics of polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials 8, 1728—34.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Lee, Y.-H., Bur, A.J., Roth, S.C. and Start, P.R. 2005: Accelerated alpha relaxation dynamics in the exfoliated nylon-11/clay nanocomposite observed in the melt and semicrystalline state by dielectric spectroscopy. Macromolecules 38, 3828—37.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Liu, L., Qi, Z. and Zhu, X. 1999: Studies on nylon/clay nancomposites by melt intercalation process. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 71, 1133—38.
  • Masenelli-Varlot, K., Reynaud, E., Vigier, G. and Varlet, J. 2002: Mechanical properties of clay-reinforced polyamide. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 40, 272—83.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Maupin, P.H., Gilman, J.W., Harris, R.H., Bellayer, S., Bur, A.J., Roth, S.C., Murariu, M., Morgan, A.B. and Harris, J.D. 2004: Optical probes for monitoring intercalation and exfoliation in melt processed polymer nanocomposites. Macromolecular Rapid Communications 25, 788—92.[CrossRef]
  • McNally, T., Murphy, W.R., Lew, C.Y., Turner, R.J. and Brennan, G.P. 2003: Polyamide-12 layered silicate nanocomposites by melt blending. Polymer 44, 2761—72.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Morgan, A.B., Harris, R.H., Kashiwagi, T., Chyall, L.J. and Gilman, J.W. 2002: Flammability of polystyrene layered silicate (clay) nanocomposites: carbonaceous char formation. Fire and Materials 26, 247—53.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Ogawa, M. and Kuroda, K. 1995: Photofunctions of intercalation compounds. Chemical Reviews 95, 399—438.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Ray, S.S. and Okamoto, M. 2003: Polymer/ layered silicate nanocomposites: a review from preparation to processing. Progress in Polymer Science 28, 1539—641.
  • Schoonheydt, R.A., Depauw, P., Vliers, D. and Deschrijver, F.C. 1984: Luminescence of tris(2,2 '-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) in aqueous clay mineral suspensions. Journal of Physical Chemistry 88, 5113—18.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Strawhecker, K.E. and Manias, E. 2000: Structure and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/Na + montmorillonite nanocomposites. Chemistry of Materials 12, 2943—49.[CrossRef][Web of Science]
  • Yang, F., Ou, Y. and Yu, Z. 1997: Polyamide 6/ silica nanocomposites prepared by in-situ polymerization. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 69, 355—61.
  • Yeh, J.M., Liou, S.J., Lin, C.G., Chang, Y.P., Yu, Y.H. and Cheng, C.F. 2004: Effective enhancement of anticorrosive properties of polystyrene by polystyrene-clay nanocomposite materials. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, 1970—76.
  • Zanetti, M., Lomakin, S. and Camino, G. 2000: Polymer layered silicate nanocomposites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 279, 1—9.[CrossRef][Web of Science]

Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control, Vol. 29, No. 5, 403-416 (2007)
DOI: 10.1177/0142331207073486
Add to CiteULike CiteULike   Add to Complore Complore   Add to Connotea Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us Del.icio.us   Add to Digg Digg   Add to Reddit Reddit   Add to Technorati Technorati   Add to Twitter Twitter    What's this?



This Article
Right arrow Abstract Freely available
Right arrow Free Full Text (Free PDF) Free
Right arrow Alert me when this article is cited
Right arrow Alert me if a correction is posted
Services
Right arrow Email this article to a friend
Right arrow Similar articles in this journal
Right arrow Similar articles in Web of Science
Right arrow Alert me to new issues of the journal
Right arrow Add to Saved Citations
Right arrow Download to citation manager
Right arrowRequest Permissions
Right arrow Request Reprints
Right arrow Add to My Marked Citations
Citing Articles
Right arrow Citing Articles via Google Scholar
Right arrow Citing Articles via Scopus
Google Scholar
Right arrow Articles by Bur, A. J.
Right arrow Articles by Maupin, P. H.
Right arrow Search for Related Content
Social Bookmarking
Add to CiteULike   Add to Complore   Add to Connotea   Add to Del.icio.us   Add to Digg   Add to Reddit   Add to Technorati   Add to Twitter  
What's this?